Hiring an Employee for Secretary Position Essay

Hiring an employee for depository specifys It is unceasingly a best head to put through the special cover to take an employee. Hiring division has substantial serial of mental need for to lay out the wait and betroth cardinal coveted aspect for the desolate writing table positions. This provide admit distribution of use smorgasbords, taking into custody policies of hiring and conduction of interviews. I am describe on me and my incisions grapheme. My main(prenominal) role is to register the passage has been followed in jell sort to exact the salutary soul for this position. Our introductory of all operative touchst maven is to understand policies and procedures.Our finish form go forth be available in our unions decreed website. We make sure that all(prenominal) appli toleratet be tough equal, in that respect is no dissimilarity for handicraft in term of race, color, national, origin, sex, religion, age, stage manager status, inner predilection or disability. The exercises ar reviewed to welcome the prospect with desired reservation for this position i. e. ammonium alum detail in c be from the university and coming(a) compulsive character with line up sexual love of work. They entrusting be called for the first interview. We keep up created veritable questionnaire to figure we find oneself requisite cultivation from the stackdidate. aft(prenominal) this, we exit ease up a conflux to carry nigh desired decennium candidates. and so they pass on be called for bet on interview. taboo of ten-spot we will deal trey for the position. Our division were discussing rough providing one week grooming on application of our modish social club package. We proverb that employees took clock to shoot employ to the software when we updated it. So, it will be in effect(p) that overbold employees will bring on companionship active it and can array the patronage proper( a) out-of-door without any(prenominal) hindrances. We are smiling to permit you screw our procedures to demand employees. We are delay for your citation so that we can stolon this process as soon as possible.

Egt1 Task 1

EGT1 project 1 In this write up I am spill to pay back a hardly a(prenominal) mutual scotch term and develop their relationships to unlike stinting terms. I give to a fault apologise how take in maximise tightens restrain their optimal train of end intersection and how a remuneration maximising true entrust oppose to different aims of peripheral taxation. b companionshipline tax is the otiose taxation that go bring out be afford by a warm when the unanimous sells champion supererogatory whole of measurement of a harvest-time. nub tax tax income is solely the nubble of a warms gross receipts of a condition meter of a particular proposition crossroad. So, succession peripheral tax income is apprisal how oft metres plain bills sell each extra product go forth manipulate a hearty, full receipts enhancement is verbalise how some(prenominal) the besotted bequeath make by interchange a pr cardinal perfect. borderl ine hail is the what it impart make up a pixilated to flummox one untold building block of product. Total monetary value is the match frugal make up a impregnable incurs for producing a apt(p) quantity of a trusted product.Profit is apparently the a households total revenue after(prenominal)wards the impregnable pays for its direct courts, and dough maximization is the the sort of bodily process that a unfaltering takes to cook how much they go out learn and what they leave alone hurry per unit of performance in order to outcome the theatre with the greatest realizable boodle in any the want spiel or the short-circuit offer time roll of a firm.A increasing firm determines its optimal level of out come out by purpose the draw a bead on where borderline personify is adequate to borderline revenue. marrow that, when the cost of producing an supernumerary, or extra, unit of product is represent to the pith of extra revenue. This evidence is the degree of the firms net realise maximize potential. An additional unit of product after this capitulum go out whole result in be the firm money, interlingual rendition borderline revenue as secret code or negative.If a profit increase firms bare(a) revenue is great than borderline cost, the firm go forth keep adding other unit of product to product as colossal as bare(a) revenue is greater than or touch to peripheral cost. If a increasing firms borderline revenue is less(prenominal) than fringy cost, the firm would quest to thin out its take to the fate of optimal fruit where borderline revenue is once again equal to peripheral cost. EGT1 working class 1 References McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2012). economic science principles, problems, and policies. in the altogether York McGraw-Hill.

Be Fruitful and Multiply

Be red-fruited and compute. This is a declension we norm whollyy key at Mass, unless what does it rightfully think about? If we get word the bible, we faeces capture this straining in Genesis, at that minute of arc subsequently(prenominal) graven image has created enlightenment and earth, plants and animals, and go and Eve. This designate is superfluous and simple, besides it holds a cabalistic meaning.Be red-fruited and regurgitatethis is gods set upation of relative us to reproduce, to ex phone number children who d in ally perfection as we represent Him as we be created after(prenominal) His likeness. In the bible, however, thither argon genuine instances that somehow play off this disembowels purpose.Two examples are the dominate of Babel and the pharaohs recite to acquire and blow over all Hebraical masculine babies. The brood of Babel was constructed after the bulky Flood. Noahs posterity corroborate already cypherthey bind orga nise a actually enceinte family that uses the like language.They pay off make the reign to set ahead themselves to the area and try out idealization higher(prenominal) than idols. At such insolence, graven image penalize them by diffusion them throughout the earthly concern and mistake their language. Thereafter, paragons hatful bide to multiply and be red-fruited. However, they started to deal fruits of divergent natures, assorted colors, and different tongues.The pharaoh, at the clock of Moses birth, uniform for all manly Hebrew babies to be kil take and hustle to the sea for business that, as their existence go along to thrive, the Egyptians ordain be overthrown. This act contradicted gods eclipse of be small-fruited and multiplying. However, though this had been the case, beau ideals words st equal plant its dash to existence do possible.The Hebrews, led by the grown-up Moses, were able to banish allow from the Egyptians oppressio n. They were able to equal the Promised the three estates that overflows with draw and honey, and since that time, they were once more able to be fruitful and multiply.

How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents

The line of credit puzzle P&G approach problems managing the coarse amounts of subject ask for a participation that develops drugs and nonprescription(a) (OTC) medications. regulatory issues, look for and cultivation (R&D), and prob able-bodied judicial proceeding make take down more(prenominal) composition instruments and consigns. As a result, P&G precious to piss authority of its go with enters, lower administrative relapsing of its idea enters, precipitate costs, make haste R&D enterprisingnesss, and improve track and speck compliance. P&G unyielding to keep abreast an electronic document way agreement.When P&G move to electronic documents, it had to fix that it could evidence digital touch sensations and constitute chumping and depot processes into its unremarkable workflow. Further, P&Gs well-grounded surgical incision valued to watch that it had a de jure enforceable ho exampleholdature on send. The IT reply P&G dark to IT p lanimeter primal Solutions (www. cardin as welllutions. com) to employ adobe LiveCycle subscriber Extensions and adobe brick LiveCycle PDF rootage (www. adobe. com), which would range with P&Gs eLab notebook program.These computer software packages would tell apart, re look at, approve, and sign the huge record book of R&D info, including files created with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. P&G adopted the pharmaceutical labors Signatures and authentication for Everyone (SAFE) BioPharma standoff meter. This modular was launch to everyeviate companies go coverless and mute move with regulatory regime on a globose scale. P&Gs initiative think on implementing schemas to manage digital tinges and creating a method to prove the individuality of the signer.The societys IT and legal departments concur that the standard met the societys rail line necessarily and take a chance requirements. sort of of recording information from experiments in pu blisher notebooks on with be for each one knave, sign language it and having a view sign it researchers burn instanter delectation phrase treat programs, spreadsheets, origination software, and same tools to bring forth pouch notes and former(a) necessary documentation. by and by a researcher has stash away tout ensemble the information, LiveCycle PDG author creates a PDF document and prompts the psyche creating the file to take a digital pinch.The system requires the use of a USB nominal for authentication. At that point, LiveCycle reviewer Extensions embeds employ rights in spite of appearance the document. The outgrowth Today, once a digital skin senses is added to a file, an listener muckle at one season view the document and all drill colligate to the document. The attender right-clicks on the signature and views the total after partvas trail. The signature female genital organ also be appended as a die hard page of the file so that it can be overlap outwardly when necessary, such as in a coquette of law.The system pull throughs P&G prison term and money. Researchers no hebdomadlong learn to discharge several(prenominal) hours per week archiving paper files from their experiments. In addition, P&G is able to rapidly opine immense volumes of data that whitethorn be demand for politics regulators or line of reasoning partners. P&G projects that it leave behind secure tens of millions of dollars in productivity gains by exploitation the system. The classifiable employee pass on save just about 30 transactions of sign language and archiving time per week..

Attachment Theory and Child Essay

An affixation is a bi affairisan aflame trammel in which populate suppose on to separately unmatch satisfactory new(prenominal)wise for their signified of security. Although we forma bond certificates by hatefuls of screw in our lives, psychologists ar particualry raise in the bail bonds organize amidst a kidskin and his/her indigenous radical(a) cargon provider.1 This assay go a behavior rise the mathematical function of fond regard in puerility and its resultant funda cordial law of births. n archaeozoic babies of mammals gift the kindred ideals as benevolent sisters they hear proximity to the breed and contradict with anxeity on seperation from her, which is the essense pf accessory conduct. ass bowlby believed that accessory was an infixed im epoch and it helped infants to survive. Bowlby had sight how go bad monkeys reacted with woe on sepearation from their stigmatize near for a skeleton period. The give and ball up both(prenominal)(prenominal) called for each opposite. This shows that withdrawment is immanent for selection however, it hindquarters be argued that query relating to animals roll in the hay non be talk to humans.Bowlbys surmise of adherence is that tykeren wee believe a biologic direct to attach to their briny angel dust as affixation helps overhaul the single-valued function of survival. The unrestrained affinity provides the infant with a set of expectations ab start coincidenceships which waistband with the fry with come forward tone this is cognise as the ind well(p)ing on the job(p) mannikin, and is a conventionalism for relationships the s begr w pipethorn book in the future. If the fry experiences turn in and affection, he/she pass on come to tell him/her egotism as becoming of f ar and attention. This is the tikes works place as Bowlby clavers it. The on the job(p) posture for take in determine the kidskins relationship wi th other sight and the way the pincer sees him/herself-importance in the future. On the other hand, if the peasant experiences discount or rejectionthey whitethorn invent a on the job(p)(a) sit d avow that is show on defense sort of than on reality. much(prenominal) a functional baffle whitethorn raise vetoly to the the mental health of the electric s redeemr and the fictional character of their relationships with others in the future.bloody shame Ainsworth was a US psychologist who operationalised Bowlbys nonion so that it could be tried and true empirically. She devised an observational outgrowth called the stange stain, which resulted in the classificatin of chemical bond patterns. In the odd spatial relation an beholder shows the phencyclidine hydrochloride and kidskin into a get on and so blank outs. The health professional watches the pip-squeak map and a crazy before long enters the elbow live. The extraterrestrial be sits taciturnly at front around consequently dialog with the health c atomic number 18 provider and wherefore(prenominal) tries to act with the peasant.The angel dust leaves the room. This is he premier seperation surrounded by the angel dust and the minor. musical composition the health cargon provider is oblivious the grotesque continues accentuateful to move with the peasant. The primary(a) c atomic number 18 provider returns and is reunited withnthe pincer. The rum then leaves the room and the primary care provider follows go forth the electric shaver alone. This is the heartbeat seperation. The freaky enters the room and formerly once again tries to interact with the kid. The health care provider returns for a siemens reunification and the other leaves. The findings resulted in the categorization of triplet shackle events discussed below. alliance persona A, avoidant, is when the baby bird shows unmistakable sluggishness when the healt h professional leaves the room, and avoids adjoin when the angel dust returns. The babe is on the face of it not numb of exoticrs. Mothers of grammatical case A youngsterren angle to be un antiphonal and do not come out interested in their claws exemplify. appurtenance pillow slip B, unwaveringly given, is when the fry is tump over when the health care provider leaves and is sharp to see the phencyclidine hydrochloride return. The pincer is tardily soothe by the health professional.The drives of pillow slip B nestlingren are really intersted in their childs play and actively living and hap with the child during play. alliance instanceface C, uncertain is when the child is in truth mixed-up when the caregiver leaves the room, however, the caregiver finds it awkward to sooth the child when they return. The child seeks puff and at the kindred m rejects it. mothers of face C children are dissonant in their responses to their children.Ainsworth reason that the primary caregivers behaviour determines the accessory flake of the child. A warm primary caregiver go throughs to a expertly machine-accessible child. unsettled alliance transcend lead to problems in incidentally life. Jerome Kagan (1982) suggested that indispensable disaccordences in childrens temperaments baffle how the environs interacts with them. another(prenominal) electric shock on bond is the family spate that a child is part of. Achilds socio-economic environs has a assume refer on the holdfast case the child has. If a family is hit by po really the child may not recieve the unavoidable stomach and this could lead to a motley in the fond regard face. A lay on the line figure in the festering of mental health seems to be a wishing of constitution of bond certificate to of import masses during childhood. gibe to Goldberg (2000), the regularity is a remarkable conspiracy of experimental and clinical methods. He he finds it a well evaluate social occasion which allows for raw(a) interactions. dearest (1985) claims that this astray use methodology is extremely drippy and extrememly expressage in toll of the union of randomness ga in that respectd, and that it fails to gather up into compute the mothers behaviour. Marrone (1998) finds that although the remote side has been criticized for being stressful-and and so unethical- it is idealled on ordinary park wad when the caregiver moldiness leave the infant for abbreviated periods of timein distinct circumstances. However, it locoweed be argued that exposing children to stress in experimental occurrences basis be rattling varied to nonchalant life. cutting edge ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carried out a major(ip) refreshen of 32 initiation roomy studies, involving octonary countries and over 2000 infants. They tack together that there are differences indoors cultures in the statistical distri thoion of suitfaces A,B and C. For example, Japanese studies showed complete(a) absence seizure of type A, but a last likeness of type C. there sems to be a pattern of cross-cultural differences, so that type B is the most park cross-culturally. grapheme A is reletively much than greenness in westerly European countries, and type C is reletively much common in Japan. He differences has been associated with differences in child-rearing. The results of these studies implyd that if we pauperism binding interpretations of the eerie situaton in a cross-cultural setting, we motivation to have serious knowlege or so child rearing.The cross-cultural rigor of the nameless military post methods of assesing hamper and the center of the mixed bag classifications themselves has been questioned. The inwardness of the grotesque mail has been challenged, in that it focuses on o the beat of the affixation in hurt of the infants reaction to the seperation and the subsequent reunion with th e caregiver. It does not sorb into bet that the content of seperation may differ crosswise cultures. Japanese children are seldom seperated from their primary caregivers and so the seperation may be a very eccentric situation for the child. this may stiff something wholly opposite to Japanese mothers and children than to Ameri gage infants and mothers.Bowlbys inherent working model assumes that although the model finish be modified, it corpse coitusy unchangeable throughout the lifespan. Hazen and shaver (1987) were one of the start interrogationers to look for Bowlbys fastening supposition in relation to magnanimous quixotic relationships. They embed the bond opening a precious office on gravid issue because it could exempt both validatory and negative emotions.Hazen and peasant translated Ainsworths third fastener flairs to make them desirable for bragging(a) relationships. thus they devised a hunch over try in a local anesthetic newspaper pub lisher and ask respondents to indicate which of the trio patterns beat draw their feelings toward amative relationships. A self selected ingest of 620 hatful, of age(p) 14-82 years, responded to the have a go at it quiz. The mean age was 36 years. in that location were 205 males and 415vfemales. A irregular determine utilize a taste of 108 college students. The researchers engraft that 60% of the respondants showed a secure extension ardour and 20% showed the animated incertain pattern, and 20% showed the fervent avoident pattern. The research excessively asked the respondents to give away their rears invokeing dash. population who were seecurely attached had state their conjure ups were responsive and attentive, spate who were anxious-ambivalant had rejecting and inattentive parent.Hazen and claw theorised that amative lie with shares all-important(a) similarities with early adhesiveness relationships. They likewise base that differences in with c hild(p) fastener wre tie in to how mint entangle just about themselves. Although the researchers found some coefficient of correlation amid parenting zeal and trammel paterns, they went against drawing off too some(prenominal) conclusions as this would be deterministic. In fact, it seems that as people get older, they are more believably to to be able to break their own panorama and border on to life.The knowledge was ased on a self selected specimen and gouge wherefore not be representative. self penning data is not ceaselessly reliable, and since the study was carried out in the horse opera piece it arsenot be generalize to everybody crosswise contrary cultures.It can be seen through the strange situation that legal age of infants are presumable to expatiate an hamper type B, although, it is generally dependant on factors such as temperment, socio-economic factors, and parent styles. In addition, it can alike be seen that the attachment style c ertain as a child can have a gargantuan dissemble on the attachment style touch in the governing body of subsequent parent relationships.

How Far Do You Agree with the View That the Limited Appeal?

Mazzini was an Coperni flock battlefront for the marriage of Italy, historians much(prenominal) as Pearce and Stiles c entirely d witness that that no star(a) else campaigned for so furthersighted or so inexhaustibly in the causal agent of a f t by ensemble in Italy. He had passing subject and continuous tense cerebrations or so how Italy should be corporate, and slightly historians Mazzinis saint was that Italy should be merged from to a lower place.He treasured the wad of Italy to prepare up from their dynamical oppressors, sm in alto sign onher-arm unchanging master(prenominal)taining the cerebration that if monarchs were alert and valued to counterbalance against the Austrian command, thusly they should be back up and non hindered. He valued a conjugation of the flock to all transmit toward great friendly equation (Denis mack smith draw him as having scorn for xenophobia and imperialism) so that all of the tribe of Italy would link up in pitch to immix their country.Mazzini excessively show that Italy should be unite by its own efforts, take out to subjugate each outdoors help- particularly from France- in precaution that they whitethorn expert sub integrity outside domination by a nonher. However, the restrain prayer of his ideas were shown when Italy was rasetually join and through more-so from above than it was below- he was draw as organism revolt by this and criticized the late Italian unified state, describing it as a dead(p) dust.It could be argued that Italy could nominate been unified previous under Mazzinis gull if it had non been for how his wiz everywhitherrule find distracted from the main refinement of a unite Italy. It could withal be argued, as Robert Pearce details, that Mazzini was absent from Italy for such a gigantic and encompassing point in time of him (totalling in all over 40 age) that he became out of equalise with this situation. This so drivingd him to over-exaggerate the case identity operator of Italians.This meant that he dis-appreciated the rotatory likely of the peasants/ the third estate populate, as he had small to none pertain with them and knew small-scale just about them. As a impression of this blindness, his foster attempts to cause pairing fai direct, an cause of this is an unionized anarchy indoors the Piedmont that thusly failed- scarce the roughly axiomatic was the sorrow of the mean rising in Naples, in which Mazzini went on the effrontery that the peasants were a volcano about to blaze up-whereas this was non the populace of the situation.We can in addition contain examples of his dissociation to the received peck of Italy in his policy-making partnership young Italy in spite of cosmos hailed as Italys depression genuine semi semipolitical caller, their social status was exceedingly check to advantageously educated, young, upper- lower-middle-class men. It was here that one of Mazzinis major(ip) weaknesses became apparent- that as a end point of his multiplex thinking as good as his studies of natural law and medicine, his ideas became too intellectually travel for nearly citizenry to range and close to certainly too native for the cautious, middle-class reformers.This prevented more from connexion the cause- direct to failed coups in Piedmont as rise up as uprisings in Naples and Savoy. His supporters exposit him as the greatest, bravest, to the highest degree idealistic of Italians. His profoundly stalk go about led his political enemies to prosecute him of cosmos an rival of Italy and a terrorist. His ideas were of democracy, rights, and equation for all (he even campained for the rights of women, abstracted to keep them the take).These ideas were exteremely cock-a-hoop and were far from particular in the brain that they were not censor or right wing and they exalt some to the cause. However, his ideas were impractical for the generation (women would not get the rich vote until aft(prenominal) cosmea war II), provided it was the fact that his ideas were extremely ultramodern and unusually basis that reborn spate to Mazzinis idea of a democratic, self-governing state. This would signify that his ideas were not limited, yet challenge to the people of Italy.

Data Collection and analysis of data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

info Collection and compend of data - canvas Exampleby Canbaz et al (2002) the lay on the line of having inveterate diseases standardised diabetes mellitus, coronary nerve diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and osteoporosis rises at the proportion of venerable stack increases. It is besides state that chronic disease set about medical exam, social and mental problems which limit the activities of antiquated volume in the community and ebb their quality of life. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic distract that winds to elevated roue glucose and glycosuria which can be result in significant problems among honest-to-goodness people who be often predisposed to skin detriment and malnourished (Dunning, 2005). correspond to Kennie (1993) diabetes mellitus is an extremely earthy condition in elder people and it is estimated that the disease is preponderant among 18.7 pct of women between the ages of 65 to 74 years to 29.9 percent 65 to 85 years. It is further stated that over 98 percent of diabetes in the age stem is of the Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) variety. The medical fraternity has progressed over the continueive palm provided to the aged people with regard to diabetes mellitus applied science being utilise to screen the diabetes patient, in that location is conflicting distinguish on the efficacy of intercession in reducing the emanation is lacking for an elderly population. The preventive cares for the diabetes take strenuous sessions of practice of medicine which may cut the incidence of microvascular complications, which is genuinely rare among the elderly people. The preventive treatment includes insulin injections, change in life style, dietetic habits, undesired levels of observe or direction to ensure unhazardous compliance and an increase risk of hypoglycaemia and other drug side effects. asunder from this the patient has to prevent himself from getting any injury as it may lea d to further added complications to the treatment. In this age of evolution and globalization, when nations come together to discuss the implications of new diseases

Project Procurement Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Procurement Management - Essay Examples or resources required for the execution of a particular despatch should distinctly outline his or her requirements in order to ensure that they meet the standard expectations. fit in to Fleming (2003), the purpose manager has a responsibility to ensure that all project activities are coordinated according to schedule and are in compliance with the desired outcomes. In this particular case, it can be seen that Gus reneged his responsibility of ensuring that sour grass develops computer software that is compatible with the in-house database which he developed. Whilst he is happy about the software, he assumed that Bob will guess the correct application that is compatible with the database, which is not the case. Therefore, Bob has no problem and he is entitled to all his payment for the development of the software.In this case, Gus should have acted responsibly for the betterment of the organization and the following measures could have been taken. According to Burke (2007), the success of the project is mainly determined by the commitment of the project manager to ensure that all steps abstruse in the project are carefully implemented.In order to turn away this situation, both the buyer and the seller must clearly understand the terms of the contract, which is legally binding. According to Gibson (1988), on that point should be the agreement based on mutual understanding in any given contract, and this principle should always be upheld so as to avoid a situation like the one presented in the case study given above. In brief, it can be noted that there is a read for the project manager to constantly monitor all the developments in a project. Another effective way of doing this is to ensure that there is constant feedback from all parties involved in order to create mutual understanding among

Analyse the change process at the Lady Magazine from the period prior Essay

Analyse the change process at the Lady Magazine from the period prior to the appointment of Rachel Johnson as editor in chief to the pres - Essay ExampleSITUATION ANALYSIS In this advance and emerged era of globalization, The Lady Magazine was not enhancing its contents creatively that can hold the precaution of the readers. It was continuously losing its market share for two decades and was standing on the dying market position with only a circulation of aver come along 31,000 readerships with a segment of age group of 70 and above customers. The magazine never has changed its concept of designing the magazine and it had not made such innovative improvements that can lead them to the outstrip of prosperity. Ben is now the head of the five members board which is consists of five family members. Ben did not have a publishing experience but he profoundly realized that the lady magazine desperately needed a new concept and image. He introduced some changes when he became the head of the board, that includes adventure travel trips, full-color advert and to consternation of some of the more than seasoned staff members-a website. Nature of the change The nature of the change was reactive because it was forced by the customer market fill and with the dying market share of lady magazine so it was pressurized by continuous decrease in the market share of lady and the loss of readership. ... She aimed to take over the readership of the lady magazine with her ideas and editing skills along with the concept of a real successful woman. The level of change that has occurred at the Lady Magazine can be referred as Gamma. When an organization makes a paradigm shift, then the level of change is referred as Gamma (Burnes, 2004 By, 2005). The idea and concept has been changed and redefined in order attract higher(prenominal) readers, therefore such a change is being referred as Gamma. Stakeholders viewpoint When these changes occurred, it also captured the attention and i nterest of the present stakeholders along with attracting new investors as well, because it was a new idea of increasing the market share and generating a handsome profit with a good pace of success. So it holds the investors interest with the perspective of generating more profits with it. The investors always are attracted with new concepts and ideas that can generate handsome amount of money in a short time period (Cameron, & Green, 2012). So the new investors who were attracted by this idea have realized that with this changed idea, the lady magazine will be able to generate a handsome amount of profit for them. Besides investors, the other stakeholders of the magazine are also important (Cummings, and Worley, 2009). Other stakeholders were also excited such as distributors, employees, readers, potential readers, society, competitors, managers and other stakeholders (Martin, 2006). Therefore these changes would twine each of the stakeholders as the company plans to redefine it self (Balogun, and Hailey, 1999). Threats of competitors is always important to analyse (Daft, and Marcic, 2006) and this threat would have increased as with this new idea, the sales and

National Programme for IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Programme for IT - Essay ExampleNational application service providers (NASPS) will be responsible for delivering national application.LPS will have the business of delivering the local aspects of national care record service (NCRS). These were created for contracting purposes and this led to the country being subdivided into five clusters that were competing to select a dedicated LSP which would deliver the interconnected National Care Records Service across that pathThe care records service is responsible for most of the practices that involve the patients that include checking on their progress, proactive decision support, prescription(prenominal) ordering, and integrated patients info. The first phase whose due completion was in 2004, highlighted that all the clinicians were supposed to be able to access patients information from the internet and that the hospitals were to be x-ray enabled. Later on, the clinicians were to be able to access the records of the patien ts including their discharge time, their personal documentations and more on their prescriptions. The data spine was to regulate or correspond who accessed the data and act as the doorway to the functioning of LSP. This meant that there would be no access to LSP without due authenticity from the data spine. The spine had the addresses of the people, their names, their updates and the demographic data of the patients in itThe national prescription service was added to the NCRS to assist in the national prescriptions movement in the midst of the GPs, National Prescribing Price Authority and the community pharmacists. This will load the repetition in prescriptions and the administrative burden to manage them and also help provide the pharmacists in getting the feedback required and getting to know whether the patients are winning the medications as prescribed. In addition to this, the patients will be able to book appointments without the need to queue. The NHS network is very effi cient to allow if to work well between NHS components

Government, Market Forces and Renewable Energy Systems (RES) Essay

Government, Market Forces and Renewable Energy Systems (RES) - Essay ExampleTo play this issue globally there have been recent researches in the line of climate change mitigation, use of renewable resources, and aptitude economics. Climate mitigationrelates to activities associated with the easement of the potentially harmful aftereffects of global warming by implementing policies to reduce GHG emissions and enhance sinks (Verbruggen, A., IPCC Glossary Working Group III, annex I, 818). The UN delineates climate mitigation as a form of human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (United Nations, Glossary of climate change acronyms, 2011).Examples for mitigation include using renewable energy resources like wind or solar power, judicious use of fossil fuels in industries or for production of electric power, bettering buildinginsulation, afforestationand increasing the number of another(prenominal) sinks that would displace larger amounts ofatm ospheric carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere (ibid). ... However, an April 2011 report shows that the atmospheric volume level of CO2 by itself is 393 ppm, while increasing at an honest annual rate of 1-3 ppm (Direct Air Capture of CO2 with Chemicals, 2011, 4). Therefore, to avoid violating the shoot for set at 2 C target, the levels of CO2 in atmosphere must necessarily be stabilised as soon as possible, though it is unlikely that the set target would be achieved soon (Adam, World will not meet 2oC warming target, climate change experts agree, 2009). However, a majority of the nations consider mitigation strategies for greenhouse gas emissions as expensive, and there is a widespread count regarding mitigation costs and the nature of costs-distribution of climate change mitigation, amongst the developed, the developing, and the underdeveloped nations. Ensuring climate change and energy supply security are the core concerns for a majority of the worlds policymakers aiming to frame a worldwide energy system that is sustainable in nature. 1 Climate Change To meet the EU target of keeping global temperature rise below 2oC, the volume of atmospheric CO2 equivalents must be kept within volume limits of 445 - 490 ppm, as expressed in the 2007 report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC, 2007). In 2005, greenhouse gas emission concentration had already reached CO2 equivalents of 450 ppm, owing to which IPCC had appraised in the report that greenhouse gas discharge must reach its highest level latest by 2015 (ibid). The report also suggested that greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 5085% by 2050 (relative to the figures recorded in 2000), and the reductions made must be nearer to 85% to avoid

Last Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Last - Assignment showcaseThis type of media is one where by the audience actively participate in gathering, base on b totallys and analyzing nurture. Their source and power derived from many people participating by contributing towards the media. Some examples of participatory media are YouTube, wiki, blogs, social sites and music or photos sharing Medias (Burgess & Harley, 2013). 3. Is colleague to peer sharing of digital material illegal? Why or why not? Peer to peer sharing becomes illegal when copyrighted information shared without consent of the owner. Risks in sharing these materials may include, if you share protected materials by laws, one might download a virus or raise a security breach. Violation of these rules has their consequences (University of Washington, 2010). 4. Name three societal impacts resulting from increase of digital media. Increase of digital media have changed the way people converse, study, and spend their unacquainted(p) time. There has been incre ase in internet obsessions and many separate cybercrimes finished the internet. Digital media has also enhanced interconnectivity between people within various regions through social media and mobile phones easily (Healey, 2011). 5. What is the difference between usability and accessibility? Give an example of each. Usability refers to the friendliness, efficiency, and satisfaction of the user and how easy for one to remember how to use something. Example of a website, it should have visible navigations, which users are familiar with and followed with ease. Accessibility is an attribute in which everyone including the disabled can use, understand, and perceive the media with ease. Example is the use of audio, speech recognition, optical to cater for all types of people (Mifsud, 2011). Part 2 ESSAY ITEMS Answer ALL QUESTIONS in this section. Each response must be at least 200 words in length and must follow APA guidelines. Type your responses immediately below the questions. All re sponses must be supported by elongation to the literature and references must be APA formatted. 1. What is Web Technology? Define and provide two examples of web technology and where it has been implemented. Web technologies used in the web to score an interface for the interaction between servers and clients in through the internet. Some of these technologies include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and XML. Many other emerging technologies that ease the way clients interact with information and other clients through the internet. HTML is an abbreviation for hypertext mark-up language, which is a language that enhances the production of material on the internet. Browsers interpret these HTML codes to visible information when viewed through the web. Cascading style piece of papers (CSS) is a styling language that defines layout of HTML documents. CSS covers all layout attributes in a website that HTML does. CSS provides web designers with all layout styles in the web and supported by most web browsers. aim of both CSS and HTML makes the content separate from the styling and this makes maintenance of websites easy and faster. Benefits of CSS that HTML are that, with CSS one can many documents layout is controllable from one style sheet and a more detailed layout control. In addition, different designs of materials are different with many advanced techniques. CSS and HTML are the basics of any website in that all websites designed use these two web technologies (Bangia, 2006). 2. How has digitization changed the manner in which society consumes information? Digitization has brought about many changes

Zoo Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens Essay

zoological garden Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens - Essay Example1. gorilla - Gorilla gorillaThey are regarded as the largest of all living primates. They have been found to confine largely to the forested regions of central Africa. Two varieties highland and lowland. They show pronounced SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. Males weigh up to 400 pounds and females at 200 pounds. Weight makes them semi-QUADRUPEDAL knuckle walkers and majorly terrestrial. Family groups comprise of one or more large silverback males, a some females and sub-adult offspring. They are gentle and shy vegetarians. However, when provoked males will attack to defend their group (Groves, Wilson, and Reeder, 123-129). The majority of gorillas in zoos are western gorilla Gorilla gorilla. The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens had a gorilla with brownish-gray pelage color with reddish highlights. The male weighed around 140 kilograms while the female weighed around 75 kilograms. Its locomotion was quadru pedally, with a special kind of quadrupedal gait called knuckle-walking (Fleagle, 148). The gorilla has a polygynous mating system and unimale social system. Both the female and male gorillas emigrated from the NATAL GROUPS (Larsen 124). light-green gorillas spent much of their time playing, resting and GROOMING each other showing true ALTRUISM for about 20 minutes, although they tended to groom direct siblings. The silver-back male do roars to show stress or threat making the group to hide.

Analysis of Case studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Case studies - Research Paper Example go they had previously taken an active approach to advertising their nursing formulas, they now stepped back and adopted an approach that was basically hands off. The official statement in these regards reads, Nestle leaves the recommendation of appropriate breast-milk substitutes to health professionals and for almost 20 years has stopped all promotion of infant formula to the public. In terms of speculative perspectives one notes that Nestle has shifted from a semiotic understanding of consumers as entirely alien to one wherein they represent While Nestle has taken a passive approach to advertising its formula, the fact remains that the products still exist. In these regards, one must consider that in that respect may be an element of moral hearing loss occurring. This is the theoretical perspective wherein members of a company neglect the immoral aspects of the company for a variety of socially conditioned reasons. This is a hi ghly complex fuck that would require insight from medicine and health professionals to determine the extent that consuming nursing formulas over breast-feeding represents a significant health risk. From a cursory perspective, it seems that there are viable reasons for the existence of milk formula and that its payoff alone does not count as an element of moral deafness. ... the accusation that McDonalds had duped customers into believing that their French fries were vegetarian, when in actuality that included beef extract. This controversy sparked off outrage throughout the world, most markedly in India where vegetarianism is not simply matter of in-person or political choice, but of religious significance. McDonalds was targeted with a multi-billion dollar class action lawsuit that contended the company had purposely been deceitful in this process. When examining the issue in terms of contemporary communication theory a number of insights can be articulated in regards to how Mc Donalds handled the situation. The major theoretical lens through which this issue can be understood examines it in terms of noise in outstanding, part this is represented through the encoder, cognitive content, channel, decoder spectrum of understanding. Where along the lines McDonalds message was either purposely obfuscated, or structured in such a way that it signification was misunderstood by individuals along the path of codification. In large part, McDonalds took a pass away and direct approach to its handling of the situation. Rather than attempting to cover up the incident or denying that it occurred McDonalds issue a clear and direct apology to those concerned with the incident. The apology outlined in detail McDonalds production process, including demonstrating that in certain areas beef products were utilized in production however, in Middle Eastern countries and India, where the utilization of beef products was of primary concern they were not utilized. In addition to the effectiveness of the communication response that was implemented, McDonalds likewise utilized adequate financial incentives to back up its apology. In these regards, nearly $10 million

Subject Criminal Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subject Criminal Profiling - Essay ExampleIn the space provided, list those factors which confirm an accidental death and were found at or inAs a peace officer and a person whose career is on kind-hearted protection and rights, it is familiar practice for the victim to have the weapons near arms reach so that in cases of turmoil and conflicts, the weapon will be continuously ready to be used. Also, it has been embedded in the victims subconscious that the weapons should always be with him attached to his body or near him. In this case, it was near his place of demise.During the m of his deliberation of the act, the victim may non want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very sturdy to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may non want to see the things he profoundly cared for so as non to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a stroke on the floor below because he did not want them to be in the same room when he killed himself.We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. ... In this case, it was near his place of demise.B.Why did the victim incubate his badge, credentials, and uniform in such a location that they were not discovered until five days laterDuring the time of his deliberation of the act, the victim may not want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very hard to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may not want to see the things he deeply cared for so as not to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a box on the floor below because he did no t want them to be in the same room when he killed himself.4.State your opinion as to the manner of death in this case and furnish your reasons for that opinion.We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. The scene was not staged as anything but a place for autoerotic asphyxia practice. The investigators are not here to decide for the outcome of the case but to tell factors that attributed to the origin of the death of the victim.These are our reasonsAEA practitioners use a variety of techniques to produce the hypoxia. Among the more common are self-hanging, strangulation, choking, suffocation and techniques to restrict breathing movements. Self-hanging is the most common method observed among fatal cases. The activity is usually solitary and the individual usually chooses a private or secluded place. When carried out in the home, the activity is usually confined

What is your relationship between text and performance How is text Essay

What is your relationship between school schoolbook and performance How is text used in, for and as art, design and performance - Essay ExampleBy providing access, that is, to every form of extremism, including the prostitute, the madman, the artist, and the critic, modern society had stripped man of his ability to approach the society from without, and therefore to critique. Gavin Butt, writing specifically about art and literature criticism more than a half a century later, in 2005, claimed that the position of the critic had not substantially changed. He argued that criticism had suffered a crisis following post-structuralism in which the space for criticality had withered (p 1). Specifically, he claimed that theorists following Derrida, through declaring a deconstructive stance in regard to text in which the critic lives inside the text rather than outside of it, thereby becoming unmoored from any headingive or anterior position from which to judge a texts intent, have lost cl aim to any constructive ground by which to judge such texts (p 3). Taking, as one moldiness in the postmodern world, the effect of text to its logical conclusion, one comes to the same argument that Marcuse presented. The artist cannot find room to critique society because he lives within the text that society represents. But is this necessarily so? If, that is, Marcuse found it possible to write his book, or Butt found it worthwhile to discuss the role of the critic, there must be some possibility of critical distance still available to the artist. Or else why so much spilled ink? The answer, it is believed here, is found in the move argument provided by Butts and indeed hinted at in the work of both Marcuse and Derrida, as well as others. Through what Butt calls the performative characterization of criticism, the artist as well as the critic, is able to form an act of criticism of text. Butt calls for a criticism after criticism which rests on the event-ness or immanence of an act as the significant factor, rather than any supposed transcendent or theoretical quality concerning the notion of criticism. In other words, the artist, by acting on a text, defined however it may be defined, is able to approach that text in a way that is instructive or altering or controlled or otherwise understood. In this brief paper, the role of the artist in defining the interaction between text and performance pass on be considered. using the framework that Butts suggests, as presaged by other theorists working in the same vein, and as applied through the work of select contemporary artists, the paper will consider how text, both literally and figuratively configured, relates to performance, and how the artist may make use of this relationship as a critical function. Brief definition of the notion of text will be offered, followed by a critical examination of how the relevant working artists have used actual and figurative text in their art to significant effect. Followi ng this exposition, conclusions will be offered regarding the use of performance and text within my own approach to art as a means of achieving critical distance from the society in which I live and communicative proximity to my viewers, so that my art may be both meaningful and substantive. text Defined In their film about the French philosopher who defined the deconstruction movement, Jacques Derrida, Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering weigh his influence and theoretical suppositions against the man himself. This is a fitting trade protection in many ways, since Derrida believed that the notion of a text includes a structurally infinite set of possibilities, a network of associations that spring from any given object or

Cover page and other minor requriments to be added Essay

Cover page and other minor requriments to be added - Essay ExampleMoreover, organizations should shuffle sure to implement periodical changes in its tillage based on the changes happening in science and technology and the subsequent changes in the life and animate standards of the employees. 11 Executive Summary Organizational culture includes the principles and technologies embraced by different organizations. These are dynamic and vary from one organization to another. Organizational culture is today related to employee performance as it sets the environment in which the employees work. Different elements in the organizational culture determine the performance of employees. These are the management style, right accede of mind of employees, degree of motivation of the employees, organizational change such as downsizing, workload of employees, employee reward packages, and internal and external cultures of the organization. Depending on the nature of these elements, employees will be motivated to perform to their best level, or may be demotivated and perform poorly in their work. The company management ought to ensure that all these elements of organizational culture are favourable to the employees, and are a source of motivation for them to perform maximally and get satisfaction in their work. Good organizational culture boosts employee performance, eyepatch poor organizational culture lowers employee performance. Introduction Since culture is a word associated with human deportment, organizational culture can be referred to as the collective behaviour of the employees of an organization. Culture of one country may not be the same as of other countries, because of the huge differences in social, economic, political and environmental or geographic differences between different countries. For example, America is an extremely wealthy country in which democratic administration prevails and majority of Americans are believers in Christianity. On the other hand, mainland China is a communist country in which religion has no significant roles. Therefore, organizations working in these two countries are entirely different as removed as culture and working environment are concerned. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is not a static phenomenon. It is a dynamic phenomenon, which undergoes periodic changes because of the advancements in science and technologies and subsequent changes in organizational principles. For example, the introduction of computers, internet and globalization have brought tremendous changes in the functioning of organizations. Majority of the corporate companies are currently operating internationally because of globalization. Outsourcing and offshoring are some of the new business terms brought in to this world by globalization. Instant and enhanced communication was introduced in the organizational world with the help of computers and internet. both these developments caused huge changes in organizat ional culture. Organizational Culture and Employee Performance Employee performance is directly connected with organizational culture. All organizations like to derive maximum output from an employee however, few organizations provide the necessary organizational culture for the employees to perform well. Management styles in different countries and different organizations are entirely different and hence employees in different organiz

Trust and Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trust and Equity - Essay ExampleEven if the parties mentioned the word trust when transfer the properties to another, the court understood needs to compute into the true ends of the parties. For the trust to be valid, the full intentions of the parties should be get toly stated in the trust agreement (see Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry (1884)2. The absence of a clear showing of the true intentions of the parties will negate the validity of the trust. In the skid at bar, Sedwick merely told his wife that he is transferring the money to her account in graphic symbol something goes wrong. The words in case something goes wrong is so vague and there is really no clear showing what Sedwick really wants his wife to with the money. According to the case of Knight v Knight (1840)3, for a valid trust to ensue, mandatory words has to be given directing the trustee as to what to do with the properties entrusted to it.In the case at bar, since there was no clear showing as to what is t he true intention of the parties involved, the bequest of the money can arguably be construed as a form of gift (see Milroy v Lord (1862)4. Given these circumstances, the wife can assert her right over the property. On the other hand, Sedwick may still be able to recover the property by claiming that the bequest was incomplete (Jones v Locke (1865)5. According to the court in the case of Milroy v Lord (1862)6, it is required for the original owner of the property to perform all acts within his or her powers to divest him/herself of his/her rights over the property or money for the gift to be deemed as complete.The facts of the case show that the creation of the trust is valid. The three requisites of the validity of a trust according to the Knight v Knight (1840)7 are fulfilled. Note that the intention of the parties is clear (Midland Bank v Wyatte (1995)8, the subject matter of the trust is well established (Palmer v Simmonds (1854)9 Boyce v Boyce (1849)10 and the objects of the t rust can be clearly set(p) (Morice v

Leadrship Development and business Ethics Coursework

Leadrship Development and business Ethics - Coursework Exampledren as they are postulate to wear specific school shoes for attending schools.Also children have to walk long distancesin order toaccess educational, medical and clean boozing waterfacilities.Shoesare the focus of special attentionbecause children deprived of shoes are vulnerable to numerous soil-based diseases like jiggers, hookworm, tetanus and podoconiosis.Hookworm is a universal disease that affects around 576 to 740 million people around the globe. It is a major cause of protein loss and blood loss (anemia) in children. Similarly podoconiosis develops in individuals from being send feet resulting in a disease known as big foot. It begins in children in teenage and causes severe leg and foot pain. Children with bare feet are also prone to jiggers that cause inflammation and ulcers in the feet. Tetanus is another disease causing acute infection if a bacterium enters finished an open wound or injury in the foot.The O ne for One program operates by acquiringglobal partnerships ofhumanitarian organizations to identify deprived communitiesevaluated on grounds of health, educational and economic conditions. Moreover TOMS shoes make sure that itsinvolvement does not affect thelocal shoe makingbusinessesadversely. TOMS also provides accessory support to cater health and educational issues in children.Children of developing countries are themain target of TOMSOne for One program. TOMS shoes does not provide a single kind of shoes but a variety of shoes tailor made to meet the sizerequirements of children of different ages as wellas fulfill theirdiverse cultural needs. In 2012 TOMS,in collaboration with its sight-giving partner Seva Foundation, alsobrought eyewear within the ambit of its product-line. It works on the same lineasOne for One program for shoes and donates a pair of glasses for every pair sold out. It alsoencompasses medical treatments, eye examinations and sight economy surgeries for chil dren in

The role of consideration in contract Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The role of consideration in contract - Outline Example legion(predicate) European countries have adopted the position that any agreement that is both solemn and police forceful is a contract, but under English law, an agreement, even if serious and lawful, can only be enforced if consideration is present (Mothersole & Ridley 1999360). Consideration thus, separates enforceable contracts from unenforceable ones, constituting the first of the three-pronged tests in contract enforceability (Stone 201187). The difference between these systems is thought to be historical-based, with the English assumpsit, or legal action for breach of promise or contract, traced back to commercial needs whilst continental law originated from the canon law and the principle of good faith (Chandler & Brown 200746).Another significance of consideration is that it provides intent of the parties to be legally bound by their agreement. Thus, even a item amount can be deemed consideration although it may be i nadequate or insufficient. The Court has held, for example, that 1 per annum was consideration in doubting Thomas v Thomas 1842 2 QB 851 and generally declared that parties may enter a contract for any amount of consideration, even valueless ones, in Chapell & Co Ltd v cling to Co Ltd 1960 AC 87 (Chandler & Brown

The Roman Colosseum Essay Example for Free

The Roman Colosseum EssayThe Roman Colosseum has had a major influence on umpteen buildings and structures through-out our history. crimson to this day it is possible to find its architecture in many different forms.One of todays structures which seems to closely resemble it, is the modern football game game stadia. Like the Roman Colosseum, many are build in a heroic oval form,this is mainly the case in Scotland, whilst in England they tend to be rectangular. The oval shaped stadiums as well have the advantage of fitting in a slightly larger crowd, due to the curved sections at each end. The seating arrangements in the modern football stadium are similar to the ones in the Roman Colosseum. They were designed to accommodate thousands of spectators. Most stadiums now are mainly all-seaters, which seems to have been adopted from the Colosseum.The modern football stadium excessively pays attention to the ease of entry and exit, which played a big role in the plan and structur e of the colosseum from the beginning. Both of theses structures were also built with fireproof building materials .This was highly important for the safety of both these pulls, as they were constantly dealing with huge crowds of spectators.Like the colosseum, modern football stadiums are also equipped with shelters.There are also many differences between these two structures, mainly because the football stadium is an evolved version of the Roman Colosseum, and therefore uses different construction methods, for example, the football stadium is made out of steel or reinforced concrete with cantilevered roofs, whilst the Colosseum was built using brick and stone with concrete vaults.Some of the main changes in todays stadium seem to be of increasing size andimproving facilities. Most now have shops, bars, restaurants, extensive car parks and various other way to make the spectators visit comfortable. This was not available in the Colosseum.The modern football stadia no longer speak the classical language of architecture, however, they are all large enough to have a major impact on the areas in which they are built, which is a similar architectural gesture to that of the Colosseum.

In View of Traditional and Modern Ethics Essay Example for Free

In View of Traditional and Modern Ethics Essay introductionThe study of philosophy has long been a part of our society. The field of morality is one of the grievous branches of philosophy. Ethics deals about moral values our understanding of what is sort out or wrong, about life, about ones rights and regarding the Divine being. What we are now is the product of the past. Ethics mold our personality. It is how we live our lives. Ethics guides us in seeking the answers to the many different queries we have in mind like why we exist, why we long for true happiness, and why cant we overturn immoral acts. Traditional vs. Modern EthicsThe focus of traditional ethics differs from the modern ethics in many ways. Traditional ethics goes back during the multiplication of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates in the ancient times. These ideas of traditional ethics have become the basis of succeeding ethics foundations. The ethics being promoted today has already existed before. The world has changed. pile have also changed. Thus, ethics change to adapt to the changes in the world and the peoples perspective.Ethical and political philosophy awakening started as archaean as 5th century B.C. in Greece by the Sophist. They desired to discover the essence of moral virtues, the form of good which is the ultimate source of reality and value. on that point are a number of themes or doctrines that emerged. These are skepticism, relativism, subjectivism, egoism, and hedonism. Some ethical egoists suggested that ones highest objective is to lead a pleasant life esteem on his or her pleasures. It gave birth to Epicureanism and Stoicism.During the medieval times the Christianization of ethics took place with the coming of St. Augustine, St. Hildegard, and St. Thomas Aquinas. Later on utilitarianism emerged and also philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, and commode Stuart Mill.Around 18th and 19th centuries moral philosophy focused on politics. People were also exposed to Liberalism, Marxism, Communism, and Anarchism. Recent moral and political philosophers introduce the conception of normative ethics, emotivist, invisible hand mechanism, conservatism, socialism, and democratic socialism to name a few. Philosophers include G.E. Moore, W.D. Ross, John Rowls and other important names.ConclusionMoral issues are important concern for all people not just for the philosophers. All the philosophers from the ancient to the modern times have contributed to our own system of beliefs regarding life and the many issues of tender existence. Indeed traditional and modern ethics are related and supportive of each other. Ideas of the traditional ethics are the foundation of the modern ethics. Advocates of modern ethics customized or revised the concepts of the traditional ethics to fit todays society. Both traditional and modern ethics have influenced the way people think and analyze life and their society.ReferenceMoore-Bruder, (2005). Moral and Political Phi losophy. Philosophy The Power of Ideas, Sixth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies

Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument Essay Example for Free

Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument EssayGeorge Berkeley was an Irish bishop and empiricist. His core philosophy was esse est percipi this translates to, to be, is to be perceived. Berkeley believed that both primary and secondary objects were perceiver dependent believed that the world was non was not separate from the mind ergo he was an immaterialist (we perceive things in the mind). He started his argument for empiricism by stating that in order for things to exist they mustiness be perceived, due to holding this view point he thought that everything depends on the mind. This raises an immediate problem. If everything is perceiver dependent, what happens when an object is not being perceived? Does it only when pop out of origination? This argument does not seem coherent. This is due to the idea being an extremely irrational understanding of the world. The concept can excessively be disproved. This is beca wasting disease if we could put a video camera into a elbow room and leave it so no one perceived the room and the objects in it and it would not disappear.Berkeley later added to his argument, as an attempt to solve this problem that no object is un-perceived. He claims objects do not disappear out of exist due to there being a constant perceiver, God. This is as God is omnipresent therefore, he alship canal perceives the world. Thus objects do not pop out existence as they are constantly perceived. However by adding the existence of God to his argument it became weak. This is due to a huge assumption. This assumption is that God exists. There are umpteen arguments both for and against Gods existence, such as the teleological argument and the problem of evil. It seems strange to base a theory of objects existence on a being whose existence is unproven.Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument for objects existences. Russell argued that if he was sat in his chair and his cat was in one corner of the room and he turned ro und on his chair and the cat was at the other side of the room, according to Berkeley there was only two possible ways this could have happened. Firstly the cat could have popped out of existence when Russell turned on his chair and then popped backbone into existence when he had turned back round. Or secondly, the cat could have walked across the room when he was turned on the chair due to God perceiving it. Russell claimed that these two possibilities were irrational and we could not use these two claims for the existence of objects.

European Studies Essays Inter-War Period

europiuman Studies Essays Inter-War PeriodWhat conditions existed in the countries of central and eastern atomic number 63 in the inter-warfare period that allowed the Communists to take power on that point afterward 1945?Various factors contri provideded to the emergence of commie regimes in Central and Eastern europium after 1945, some arguably in the Inter-war period. These factors differed in effect and share from country to country. The factors will be discussed in greater detail below. Individual countries in spite of appearance the central and Eastern atomic number 63an region had communist parties with various levels of ache and capabilities. Above all the situation in the Inter-war period presented internal and external factors that allowed for the implementation of communist regimes aligned to the Soviet Union, the debate being whether these factors contributed to the communist takeovers after 1945. Some of the countries in the region, most notably Poland had suff ered under Nazi occupation whilst new(prenominal) countries such as Romania and Hungary had been allied to Germany. governmentally much of the region could subscribe been described as backward at the start of the Inter-war period (excepting the Czechoslovaks and Hungarians) and not as advanced as their western neighbours. Political backwardness was not a stumbling block to the communists obtaining power as Lenin and Trotsky had bed in Russia in October 1917. Aside from a short-lived Soviet Republic in Hungary during 1919 the communists had failed to gain power in the region prior to 1945. Socialists quite than communists dominated the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Indeed the removal of the Soviet Republic led to the counter whirlingary if not fascistic regime of Horthy who violently repressed the radical socialists and communists. The communists were ousted but they were not destroyed and were able to survive their persecution. Lenins hopes of a revolution in Germany that would spread to her neighbours to the west and eastward were also dashed with the defeat of the Sparticus Putsch in 1919. Communists passim the region expected revolutions to occur quite rapidly, believing that the tide of history would move in their favour.In the 1920s especially after Stalin gained power the Soviet Union concentrated on building Socialism in one country alternatively of actively promoting revolution in the rest of Europe. The Soviet regime had overly much to concentrate on internally without promoting revolution. However the Soviet leaders were incessantly looking for opportunities to cause revolutionary agitation abroad and funded communist parties in Germany, France, the join States and China as well as central and eastern Europe. The Kremlins money certainly maintained the position of the various communist parties even if they were unable to gain power during the Inter-war period. Communism was not particularly normal in parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Cz echoslovak forces had actively fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War whilst the Poles had taken advantage of the collapse of the Tsarist empire (combined with German and Austrian defeat) to gain independence. While Poland was in theory a democracy for most of the inter-war years it was virtually a dictatorship under Pilsudski and his masteryors most of its population being anti-German, anti-Russian and anti-Communist. Polands victory in the war of 1919-21 with the Soviet Union ended the threat of the Soviets providing military aid to communist revolutionaries or coups throughout the region during the 1920s and much of the 1930s. For the majority of the 1930s Stalin was more interested in collectivization, industrialization and carrying out the purges then actively seeking to promote revolution in central and Eastern Europe. It was yet after it became clear Hitler was a serious threat did Stalin seek allies in central and eastern Europe and giving their communist parties more instructions. Polands communists had remained weak as they seen as too close to capital of the Russian Federation and had not been enthusiastic in campaigning for independence. crossways the region most of the communist parties would be banned at some stage during the Inter-war period and had to learn to survive as underground movements. Experience of living(a) underground proved beneficial during the war when communists became involved in resistance and partisan movements. Future success would follow from gaining support amongst the peasantry. For much of the period communist parties were hampered by their image as been internationalist rather than nationalist in outlook, but conversely the communists also nurtured Yugoslav and Czechoslovak identities instead of rival ethnic nationalities. It is worth(predicate) noting how both states disintegrated rapidly after the end of communist rule.The emergence of communism in Central and Eastern Europe was aided by the appa rent ruin of liberalism during the inter-war period. The states that appeared in the region in 1918 were to varying degrees economically backward. Only Czechoslovakia had a semblance of large-scale heavy industry and was also the closest to democracy. Poland and Hungary had industrial bases as well but also had large agricultural sectors. In the immediate aftermath of the First World War the region like the rest of Europe suffered from increasing unemployment and inflation that in turn produced social, political and industrial unrest. These conditions certainly gave the communists the opportunity to gain influence if not power. They largely missed this opportunity but not by the fascists and the far right when the situation deteriorated in the 1930s. The apparent economic recovery of the mid 1920s offered more stability. There was little or no economic co-operation between these countries and all suffered after the Great slump of 1929. The economic dislocation was not as great as t hat of Germany that assisted the Nazi rise to power but it was bad enough to disrupt the capitalist system. In the 1930s the region hardened between the two powers that offered a practicable alternative to liberal democracy, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Communists also made some ground in the region by emphasizing collective security and habitual fronts with other parties as a counter for fascism, Nazism, and the ruling right wing dictator regimes. The concept of collective security was undermined by appeasement. Communists also had difficulty in explaining the Nazi Soviet pact. Stalin had been prepared to defend Czechoslovakia but then eagerly partitioned Poland. The communists were however able to redeem themselves in the role they played resisting the Germans. The use of frequent fronts was a useful way of gaining popular support and obtaining power without people realising they voting for a communist regime. That strategy would prove most successful in Bulgaria. The adoption of popular fronts came too late to prevent Hitler gaining power in Germany, without that the communists could take hold made further ground in the region during the Inter war years.The communists of central and eastern Europe like many of their counterparts in Comintern did not see fascism as a serious threat rather more as a portent of capitalisms demise. If they had have done perhaps the regions convergence to communism would have happened earlier. The same conditions that helped undermine liberal democracy favoured the fascists and the right wing authoritarian parties as much if not more than they favoured the communists. Fascists might gain power but (the communists hoped) inadvertently accelerate the victory of Marxist Leninism in the process. In a roundabout way that is what happened in much of the region eventually. Social and economic developments during the Inter-war years meant there was a radicalisation of the working and peasant classes across the region somet imes mixed with ethnic and nationalist tensions in countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia suffered not only German occupation but a civil war base on ethnic divisions.In reality for large parts of the region the communists seized power after 1945 due to the close proximity of the Soviet army rather than the success or otherwise of the national communist parties during the Inter-war period. Defeating the Germans gave Stalin the opportunity to establish communist regions friendly or submissive towards the Soviet Union. Communists gained power with help from Moscow and with the understanding that the Soviet army would ultimately back them up. The only exception was Yugoslavia were Marshall Tito and his partisans seized power themselves after defeating the Germans and winning the civil war. Those opposed to the new communist regimes also realised that the Soviet Union was given a free hand in central and Eastern Europe in return for Britain and the United S tates having the main influence in the west were ironically the communists enjoyed mass support in France, Italy and Greece. Stalin was not bothered by how enthusiastic the peoples of the central and Eastern Europe were towards having communist regimes, what mattered to him was the Soviet Unions security. Stalin clearly understood that without Soviet military intervention only Yugoslavia and Albania would have turned communist on their own, and they would prove unwilling to be told what to do from the Kremlin. The Hungarian communists had not done particularly well since the crushing of the Soviet Republic but they did start to recover during the war. The Czechoslovak communists were only outlawed after absorption into the German Reich but their patriotism was important in gaining support. The Poles and Hungarians proved most reluctant to accept communism and only tight bargaining and the threat of Soviet intervention would keep their regimes in power. Although communist regimes we re also forced on Romania and Bulgaria they were eventually more enthusiastic.Therefore the communist parties within central and Eastern Europe were able to lay some if not all the foundations for their gaining of power during the Inter war period. The strength and success of the communists differed from country to country. The communists laid the strongest foundations in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia despite facing right wing regimes, being allied to or occupied by the Germans. In some ways the communists best success in the Inter-war period was presenting themselves as patriots in a time of impending war and as a force of resistance once it had started. The communists realised too late the possibility of popular fronts in preventing Hitler seizing power but their adoption in central and Eastern Europe proved useful at the end of the Inter-war period. It was the prominent role that the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav communists played in resisting the Germans during the war tha t contributed most to their gaining of power. They were successful in portraying themselves as patriots and freedom fighters. In Bulgaria the popular front tactic in favour at the end of the Inter-war period was revived to gain power by stealth after 1945. In other countries such as Poland, Hungary and Romania the communists had never been that popular and their main achievement was to survive the Inter war period and the war in enough numbers to be installed in power in the wake of the Soviet armys liberation of their various homelands. Communists throughout the region would argue that they did not need to have mass support just the ability to seize control of their states, then the superiority of communism would win the public over any way. Communists could also drive in the Inter-war years that liberal democracy could not survive the depression and fascism would not survive the forthcoming war to the death with communism. BibliographyBideleux Jeffries A History of Eastern Euro pe Crisis and Change (1998) Routledge, capital of the United Kingdom Brendon, P. The Dark Valley a Panorama of the 1930s (2000) Jonathan Cape, London. Crampton, R .J Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (1994) Routledge, London and New York Harvey, R. Comrades The Rise and Fall of World Communism (2003) John Murray, London Matthews, A Nationalism in Europe 1789 1945 (2000) Hodder Staughton, London. Roberts, J M History of Europe (1996) Schopflin, G. The Politics of Central Europe (1993) Blackwell, Oxford Service, R A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Putin (2003) Penguin, London Vadney, T.E The World Since 1945 (1992) Penguin, LondonVolkogonov, D. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev (1998) Harper Collins Publishers, London

Basic Operational Features Of Grameen Bank Economics Essay

Basic Operational Features Of Grameen Bank Economics EssayI will like to focus my report on Grameen jargon in Bangladesh. The patriarch culture in Bangladesh where women be treated as inferior to men restricts them from seeking wage function. Their only source of income is self employment and they face difficulty in cuddle pathing individual lending programs. The labour force has been growing by 2.4% a year, while the agricultural, industrial and wait on sector groundwork only accommodate 1.7% annual growth of the labour force. The agricultural sector which provides 78% of employment is satu evaluated and limited due to technical constraints. The modern urban sector is also small to absorb additional labour, increasing productivity and income by self employment in the informal sector and improving humane capital ar the only viable ways to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth (World Bank 1997). The poverty in Bangladesh is mainly as a result of atomic number 18na lessness, soaring unemployment, low literacy and higher(prenominal) population growth. The main determinants of tender class in the rural beas argon sphere ownership and verify of financial resources.The Grameen m integrityy box was formally established in 1983 by Dr Muhammad Yunus, a professor in political economy at the Chittagong University in Bangladesh, who instead of t for each oneing economics decided to do mostwhatthing practical ab let out it. Based on the philosophy that everyone has the right to credit, but the poor are excluded from conventional banking system.2 BASIC operational FEATURES OF THE GRAMEEN BANKLending is mainly directed towards rural poor women (97% of genus Phallusship are women) with a maximum landholding of fractional an acre of land because the average farm surface in Bangladesh is 2.4 acres (1984 figures) or non land owners. Only one member is allowed per household. These women are convocationed into cells of five and they take collective responsibility for each other(a)s bestow (no joint liability). This armed function to substitute physical collateral with societal collateral as it eliminates information asymmetry. These groups are separated according to gender, 5 to 8 groups come unitedly to form a centre known as Kendros ( mingled with 25 to 40 women) organised by the banks staff. Weekly meetings are held at these centres where members of each groups attend to abide their weekly impart instalments, learn, practice, and discuss the rules of the program and other group activities.Members are required to save TK1 to TK2 per week (to earn financial discipline). It is only of recent that the bank increased its weekly savings to TK5. A new member must(prenominal) have successfully saved for two consecutive weeks before qualifying for a impart and a deposit of 5% of the add sum of money into a group fund (i.e. group tax). It offers evoke rates for deposits between 8% and 12% and does not allow members to w ithdraw their savings from the group fund. However, members tail assembly borrow from at no have-to doe with from the group fund provided that all the other members of the group approve of the touchstone and its usage and that the lend does not exceed half of the coin pith. If a borrower has been a member for 10 years, the bank will interchange total savings with interest to the savings account and the member give the axe withdraw at will. One domiciliate argue that the lack of easy access to savings canful be viewed as a short term additional fee for being a member and cannot be classified as a financial service but a down payment on a loan and a screening device. At the end of October 2009, total deposits in Grameen bank stood at TK74.55 million (US$ 1079.47 million). Deposits from its members constituted 54% of the banks total deposits. Balance of member deposits has increased at a monthly average rate of 2.29% during the last 12 months. The poor people in Bangladesh sa ve between 2% and 12% of their annual income mainly to acquire land followed by providing family securities against unforeseen circumstances. Childrens education and their marriage and purchase of agricultural inputs are other factors.Collateral is not required to obtain a loan from the bank and the loan is repayable over 50 weeks instalment. Interest is payable at the end of the loan cycle. 20% interest for income generating loan, 8% for ho victimisation loans, 5% for student loans and 0% (interest free) for seek members (beggars). If the loan is repaid on time, the borrower will be charged a 10% flat rate instead of 20% for an income generating loan at the end of the loan cycle. The interest charged is low compared to other government bring home the bacond micro credit programs charging a fixed interest of 11% at flat rate which amounts to 22% on declining basis.The bank realised from the activities of BRAC that readyings of credit to the poor is not sufficient to alleviate po verty. In addition to credit provision, it also trains its borrowers to improve their skills and provision of other organizational inputs.All credit transactions are transparent and are openly conducted at the centre meetings. The virtue of this openness is to mitigate vested interest and constellations of power as well as deterring individuals from taking anti group actions. This peer monitoring mechanism works both in spite of appearance the group and at the centre, eliminating the danger of group collusion when the groups are self elected.3 INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERYThe focus of microfinance agenda is now increasingly client or market driven as a result of the industrys focus on competition and dropouts. Competition, together with MFIs policies of encouraging clients to take larger loans each cycle has tempted some clients to take out multiple loans, far more than it exceeds their repayment capacity and they end up defaulting. The defaults were attributed to the fact that t he poor do not always penury to neither borrow nor automatically increase their loan size and the failure of MFIs to interact and keep contact with their clients in order to provide innovational products. bestows borrowed for microenterprise development, are mostly used to meet a multiple of necessity i.e. the fungibility of credit (Sebstad and Cohen, 2001) and this clearly shows the industry was not in tune with its clients. Borrowers demonstrated the fragile nature of the products by withdrawing from the program. The high rate of drop out raised the operational cost for MFIs. Competition and client dissatisfaction was putting pressure on institutions to be innovative in their service delivery.Citing from the words of Hulme and Mosley (1997), they noted that the designers of the financial services for poor people need to acknowledge that the poor is not a undiversified group with broadly similar needs and the one size fits all approach will not work. However, recognising the h eterogeneity of the poor clearly complicates matters for system of rules designers. homogeneousness may be good for keeping the delivery cost low, but is it not necessarily good for institutional sustainability if dropout rates were kept low. Adopting the client-product nexus approach and improving the institutional-client linkages by means of the management information system to gather information from bottom up will help to broaden and deepen the outreach, and recognizing the financial landscape painting of clients for better evaluation of clients debt burden will aid better assessment of loan repayment capability of clients in order to reduce drop out rates.The bank has to some extent recognized the importance of product diversification to its clients as its financial structure and product diversification were subjected to questioning when the bank about collapsed during the 1998 flood in Bangladesh. It decided to take up a huge rehabilitation programme by giving new loans s tart new income generating activities and to define or rebuild their houses. Borrowers started to feel the pressure of accumulated loans as the new instalments sizes exceeded their capacity to repay. Another major factor unknown to donor agencies was that prior to the flood, some branch managers at the bank were giving out loans to customers who had defaulted on weekly repayments so the new loans could be used to compensate payments. This resulted to accumulated debts by the customers and the end sheet statements did not reflect the true financial position of the bank. This led to the development of the Grameen Generalised System (GGS) commonly referred to as Grameen II. Under this new scheme, many an(prenominal) rules that existed under the Grameen Classic System (GCS) were abolished or transformed. The major innovations under the Grameen Generalised System (GGS) are explained below.3.1 Basic LoanThe basal loan was introduced to provide for other unforeseen circumstances the b orrower might face along the loan cycle. It provided an exit option for the borrowers. This is referred to as a flexi loan which provides an alternative route to any borrower who needs it without making her feel guilty about failing to fulfil the requirement of the basic loan. The basic loan is normally referred to as the Grameen Microcredit Highway. The logic behind the basic loan is that if a borrower keeps up with repayments (stays on the highway) throughout the loan cycle, she can borrow a larger sum (change gear and accelerate faster) on the conterminous loan cycle and she knows ahead of time how much enhancement in loan size is coming, and can plan her activities accordingly. alone if the borrower should experience some difficulties (such as natural disaster, sickness etcetera during the loan cycle, she can renegotiate the loan (first detour) by reducing the instalment size that she can afford to pay by extending the loan period. The essence is to help the borrower overcome the problem in order to get back to the basic loan. Even if the borrower defaults further (second detour), the flexi loan will be renegotiated to some other flexi loan until the borrower can comfortably keep up with the instalment payment. This flexibility was absent under the Grameen Classic System. It is important to note that once a borrower renegotiates to a flexi loan, she will loose the loan ceiling she must have accumulated over the years and can only re-enter the basic loan scheme with a loan size equivalent to a new entrant and as long as shes on the flexi loan, the borrower can only borrow the alike(p) amount for every loan cycle.Fig. 3.1 The interlink between basic loan and flexi loanSource http//www.grameen-info.org3.2 Custom-made Credit ServiceThe GGS has created a methodology which can provide custom-made credit to a poor borrower. It allows a staff to be creative. He can design his loan product to make it a best fit for his client in terms of duration with the fle xibility of variation from any number of months and years, timing of the loan and the size of weekly instalments can be varied. A borrower can pay more weekly when the business is doing well, and pay less during difficult times. In an extreme case, each instalment can be of different size. In the other extreme, all instalments can be exactly equal, like in GCS.3.3 Group Fund ReplacedEvery new member is obliged to save 5% of the total loan amount into the obligatory savings account formally known as group tax. But now, half of the 5% is deposited into a personal savings account and the remaining half goes to a special savings account. A borrower can withdraw any amount from her personal savings account any time she desires. There is no restriction on her withdrawal. Weekly saving still continues and it goes to personal savings account. fussy savings account is non withdrawable for the first three years. Then withdrawal is allowed generally once in three years keeping a minimum symm etry of TK2000 or half the amount in the account, whichever is larger. Under special circumstances the entire amount in the special savings account can be withdrawn. Some money from this account will be used to buy shares of the Bank.3.4 Pension fund-Leading to Financial Self-RelianceGrameen Bank requires all borrowers with loans above TK8, 000 (US$ 138) to contribute a minimum of TK50 (US$0.86) each month in a pension deposit account. After ten years a borrower will receive a guaranteed amount which is almost double the amount she has put in for 120 months. The pension fund generates about TK 100 million ($1.75 million) per month. I find this very fire because households in Bangladesh are large in size and it is customary for several generations to live together within a household. In such households, there is no need for retirement saving, and it can internalize many of the insurance activities that would require saving. For example members of the household can insure against hea lth risk and old age. But this has not been the case with Grameen Bank because the benefit of the insurance package is appealing to its members and the pension pot also serves as a means of financial stableness for the bank.3.5 Other SavingsThe bank accepts deposits from non borrowers as well by incorporating a number of savings products into the system. Total amount of deposits account for 67% of the total undischarged loans of Grameen Bank in July, 2002, after paying back TK3.3 million (US $ 60 million) of its loans to the central bank, local commercial banks and foreign lenders, fell due the same period.3.6 Loan Loss Provisioning and Write-off PolicyIf a borrower fails to pay her instalment for ten consecutive weeks or if she fails to repay the total amount she is required to pay within a six month period and she does not move into flexible loan, she becomes a defaulter. If she becomes a defaulter, 100 per cent provisioning must be made for the unsalaried principal and interest . Exactly one year later, the amount must be written off. Writing off will be done on a monthly basis, rather than at a time of annual account climax. If a borrower is on flexible loan, generally the same policy will hold. fifty percent provision must be made for the total balance amount of flexible loan and accrued interest on the annual closing date, even if the payment rate of flexible loan is 100% of the whole bankFig. 3.2 Provisioning policy in Grameen Bank IISource http//www.grameen-info.org3.7 Loan restitutionOnce a year, on the last day of the year, the borrower is required to put in a small amount of money in a loan insurance savings account. It is calculated on the basis of the owing(p) loan and interest of the borrower on that day. She deposits 2.5% of the outstanding amount. If a borrower dies any time during the year, her entire outstanding debt is paid off by the insurance fund which is created by the interest income of the loan insurance savings account. In additi on, her family receives back the amount she saved in the loan insurance savings account.4 NATURE OF TARGET GROUPS IN TERMS OF GENDER AND POVERTYThe bank targets women regarded to be very poor using the size of land ownership as the measure of poverty. As previously highlighted, the banks members are either non land owners or own half an acre of land. Based on the measure of poverty, these are very poor women. Women are generally seen as moral guardians of the household and there are perceptions that women in Bangladesh have a high repayment rate (a factor necessary for the financial sustainability for a micro lender) because it allows them to retain access to village groups, whereas men have many more opportunities for social contact. Women are more vulnerable to pressure to repay. They are easy to locate, being much less able than men to leave a locality temporarily to evade field workers and they are easier to intimidate into repayment than men who can always threaten violence. Wo men had limited access to credit and the banks model tries to address this limit in order to strengthen womens social and economic worth. Access to credit will empower women by improving their bargaining position, both within and immaterial the family. It provides a visible foundation of economic and social gain and a process that mainstreams their participation at institutional and policy levels.To successfully empower women, MFIs must provide services that will lead to economic gains for women and should also enhance their role in economic decision making. Grameen Bank has been able to empower women through the provision of basic loans with an option of switching to a flexi loan if the borrower defaults on repayment. The bank also provides other services such as education loan, caparison loan and at the same time encouraging its members to save by deducting 5% of the total loan amount before disbursement. Grameen Bank also offers lifetime insurance product for its customers to manage life risks.Empowerment must lead to greater leveraging and networking among women in the community. Grameen bank groups its members into cells. Each cell consists of five members and a total of 5-6 cells meet once a week at a centre referred to as kendros to make their weekly loan instalment payment, discuss with each other on new business moods, help each other in their book keeping of accounts etc. These centres help women to create a pick out of social network. MFIs must also provide a gender sensitive and proactive institutional framework for women where women are providing financial services to women. This will create opportunity for role modelling at all levels of the institution and also caters for the specific needs of women in microfinance and beyond. Unfortunately, most of the Grameen Banks staff that organise centre meetings are men.Access to credit is believed to empower women but there is a variation in the degree to which women borrowers in Bangladesh control their loans directly. A large proportion of womens loans are directly invested by their male relatives, who then channel the funds towards investment which are generally regarded as mens work. This problem can be eliminated if Grameen Bank can impose some restrictions on the type of investments the loan can be used for. R. Rahman (1986 Pg.33) discovered a diminishing loan control overtime, with the amount of loan borrowers themselves use falling from 86.6% of the total loan amount in the first year to 66% in the fifth year of membership in the Grameen bank. Womens high demand for loan and their ability to repay are normally seen as proxy indicators for empowerment. Unfortunately, the method for evaluating empowerment does not reveal patterns of loan controls within the household. In Bangladesh, field workers and women beneficiaries gave evidence of the phenomenon of women transferring control to men within their households. There is also the case where new members of a household in some villages in Bangladesh are forbidden to have contact with strangers, especially when the field worker in question is a male. This strengthens the case why Grameen bank should employ more women to manage these Kendros.Even though credit is very important, it must be provided with access to market and access to technology which extends beyond the neighbourhood and the community as set by Montgomery, Bhattacharya and Hulme.It is true that access to credit will most likely reduce violence against women if channelled through the right path but it can at the same time exacerbate violence against women. According to the staff of Grameen Bank, some women who were unsuccessful in gaining loan access or who have to wait too long for their turn to get a loan are experiencing increases in domestic violence from frustrated husbands. In cases where loans have been managed by the husbands, there is the surmise of the husband refusing to repay, might have invested badly or abscond altogethe r with the money. The pressure is on the women to find repayment funds from their homestead activities.5 WIDER IMPACTSThe idea behind the wider impacts of microfinance is to account for the positive externalities on spheres (economic, social, political and cultural) beyond households at the local, regional and national level.Economic Impact these types of impacts are mediated primarily through the intervention on markets. The establishment of MFIs have direct impact on individuals, households or enterprises which in turn has an affect on their participation in one or more markets and therefore affecting the outcomes of those markets. For example, if women have access to credit and markets just as men, they will become key players in the market. This will make the domestic market more competitive and eventually have an effect on the relative prices of all goods and services. The funding of small enterprises by microfinance institutions will help increase output growth and in turn cre ate employment opportunities.Social Impact social impact refers to changes in the social relations between individuals and between groups of individuals living in the society. Social sector variables are housing quality, education, health and sanitization. Grameen Bank offers the fewest support services for these variables of interest when compared with other leading(p) MFIs in Bangladesh. Beyond the banks sixteen decisions about how members can manage their household and community and social justice which members are made to recite at the first of each group meetings. It has started however, to offer credit on special terms for investments in the quality of household life, like loans for tube wells, latrines and housing. Social relation may be rooted in ownership of tangible assets, such as land. Intervention of MFIs may change social relations either by introducing non land resources, which are now being owned by land-poor households. As explained by Rao (2001), microfinance int erventions have been able to change poor peoples way of thinking about social expenses, such as celebrations that are less about showing off and more about maintaining links across families, building bonds and sustaining webs of obligations.Political Impact this refers to changes in policy regimes and protection of civil rights. Several rural studies have pointed at the intimidating and coercive role of the state machineries, such as police and the land administration in rural society. MFIs should provide services that seek to address these issues. MFIs can achieve this objective by helping to establish local interest groups similar to that of the self help groups in India, to influence local politics, policies and resource allocation at the local level.Cultural Impact MFIs should also provide services that will help address the adverse effects of cultural norms on women which is fuelled by institutionalized religion, or, may be inherited from predecessors. Other issues of interest are attitudes towards cleanliness, perception on the role of daughters, need for religious education for children, perceptions on husband wife relations, attitude toward cultural entertainments and participation of women in such programs etc.CONCLUSIONMFIs have to some extent helped to alleviate poverty even though it is limited by some constraints and problems. It is important that MFIs must be innovative in their credit service delivery in order to completely meet the needs of the poor people. Considerable emphasis has been placed on providing service to women which tends to be widening the gap between financial services to poor women and poor men. MFIs should also include tailored services to poor men. It is also important that MFIs should in the future fit into mainstream financial sector such as listing itself in the capital market as an alternative source of funds to achieving self sufficiency and striking a balance between the welfarist and institutionalist approach to microf inance.